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Subtitle (captioning) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Subtitles are textual versions of the dialog in films and television programs, ... Television teletext subtitles, which are hidden unless requested by the viewer ...
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Subtitles are textual versions of the dialog in films and television programs, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. They can either be a form of written translation of a dialog in a foreign language, or a written rendering of the dialog in the same language—with or without added information intended to help viewers who are deaf and hard-of-hearing to follow the dialog. Sometimes, mainly at film festivals, subtitles may be shown on a separate display below the screen, thus saving the film-maker from creating a subtitled copy for perhaps just one showing. In the United States, television subtitling for the deaf and hard-of-hearing is closed captioning.

Translation Subtitles can be used to translate dialog from a foreign language to the native language of the audience. It is the quickest and the cheapest method of translating content, and is usually praised for the possibility to hear the original dialog and voices of the actors.

Translation of subtitling is sometimes very different from the translation of written text. Usually, when a film or a TV program is subtitled, the subtitler watches the picture and listens to the audio sentence by sentence. The subtitler may or may not have access to a written transcript of the dialog. Especially in commercial subtitles, the subtitler often interprets what is meant, rather than translating how it is said, i.e. meaning being more important than form. The audience does not always appreciate this, and it can be frustrating to those who know some of the spoken language, due to the fact that spoken language may contain verbal padding or culturally implied meanings, in confusing words, if not adapted in the written subtitles. The subtitler does this when the dialog must be condensed in order to achieve an acceptable reading speed. i.e. purpose being more important than form.

Especially in fansubs, the subtitler may translate both form and meaning. The subtitler may also choose to display a note in the subtitles, usually in parentheses (). This allows the subtitler to preserve form and achieve an acceptable reading speed, by leaving the note on the screen, even after the character has finished speaking, to both preserve form and allow for understanding. For example, the Japanese language has multiple first-person pronouns (see Japanese pronouns), and using one instead of another implies a different degree of politeness. In order to compensate, when translating to English, the subtitler may reformulate the sentence, add appropriate words and/or use notes.

See closed captioning for differences between 'subtitles' and 'captions.'

Some subtitlers purposely provide edited subtitles or captions, to match the needs of their audience, for learners of the spoken dialog as a second or foreign language, visual learners, beginning readers who are deaf or hard-of-hearing and for people with learning and/or mental disabilities. For example, for many of its films and television programs, PBS displays standard captions representing speech the program audio, word-for-word, if the viewer selects "CC1", by using the television remote control or on-screen menu, however, they also provide edited captions to present simplified sentences at a slower rate, if the viewer selects "CC2". Programs with a very diverse audience also often have captions in another language. This is common with popular Spanish soap operas. Since CC1 and CC2 share bandwidth, the FCC recommends translation subtitles be placed in CC3. CC4, which shares bandwidth with CC3, is also available, but programs very seldom use it.

Subtitles vs. dubbing and lectoring The two alternative methods of 'translating' films in a foreign language are Dubbing (filmmaking), in which other actors record over the voices of the original actors in a different language, and lectoring, a form of voice-over for fiction material where a narrator tells the audience what the actors are saying while their voices can be heard in the background. Lectoring is common for television in Russia, Poland, and a few other East European countries, while cinemas in these countries commonly show films dubbed or subtitled.

The preference for dubbing or subtitling in various countries is largely based on decisions taken in the late 1920s and early 1930s. With the arrival of sound film, the film importers in Germany, Italy, France and Spain decided to dub the foreign voices, while the rest of Europe elected to display the dialog as translated subtitles. The choice was largely due to financial reasons (subtitling is inexpensive and quick, while dubbing is very expensive and thus requires a very large audience to justify the cost), but during the 1930s it also became a political preference in Germany, Italy and Spain; an expedient form of censorship that ensured that foreign views and ideas could be stopped from reaching the local audience, as dubbing makes it possible to create a dialogue which is totally different from the original. In Spain the compulsory dubbing was also employed for encouraging the use of Spanish language (Castilian) among non-Spanish-speaking population (languages such as Galician, Catalonian and Basque were forbidden and prosecuted during Franco's dictatorship).

Dubbing is still the norm and favored form in these four countries, but the proportion of subtitling is slowly growing, mainly to save cost and turnaround-time, but also due to a growing acceptance among younger generations, who are better readers and increasingly have a basic knowledge of English (the dominant language in film and TV) and thus prefer to hear the original dialogue.

Nevertheless, in Spain, for example, only public TV channels show subtitled foreign films, usually at late night. It is extremely rare that any Spanish TV channel shows subtitled versions of TV programs, series or documentaries. In addition, only a small proportion of cinemas shows subtitled films. Films talking in Galician, Catalonian or Basque are always dubbed, not subtitled, when they are showed in the rest of the country. Some non-Spanish-speaking TV stations subtitles interviews in Spanish; others do not.

In many Latin American countries, local network television will show dubbed versions of English-language programs and movies, while cable stations (often international) more commonly broadcast subtitled material. Preference for subtitles or dubbing varies according to individual taste and reading ability, and theaters may order two prints of the most popular films, allowing moviegoers to chose between dubbing or subtitles. Animation and children's programming, however, is nearly universally dubbed, as in other regions.

In the traditional subtitling countries, dubbing is generally regarded as something very strange and unnatural and is only used for animated films and TV programs intended for pre-school children. As animated films are "dubbed" even in their original language and ambient noise and effects are usually recorded on a separate sound track, dubbing a low quality production into a second language produces little or no noticeable effect on the viewing experience. In dubbed live-action television or film, however, viewers are often distracted by the fact that the audio does not match the actors' lip movements. Furthermore, the dubbed voices may seem detached, inappropriate for the character, or overly expressive, and some ambient sounds may not be transferred to the dubbed track, creating a less enjoyable viewing experience.

Subtitling as a practice In several countries or regions nearly all foreign language TV programs are subtitled, instead of dubbed, notably in:



It is also common that television services in minority languages subtitle their programmes in the dominating language as well. Examples include the Welsh language S4C and Irish language TG4 who subtitle in English language and the Swedish language FST5 who subtitle in Finnish language.

In Wallonia (Belgium) films are usually dubbed, but sometimes they are played on two channels at the same time: one dubbed (on La Une) and the other subtitled (on La Deux), but due to low ratings not much anymore.

In Australia, one free-to-air network, Special Broadcasting Service airs its foreign-language shows subtitled in English.

In Spain, films and TV series televised by Galician, Catalonian and Basque-speaking channels are usually dubbed to their own languages (including Spanish language programs).

Same language captions Same language captions, i.e., without translation, are primarily intended as an aid for people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. Subtitles in the same language as the dialog are sometimes edited for reading speed and readability. This is especially true if they cover a situation where many people are speaking at the same time, or where speech is unstructured or contains redundancy.

Use by those not deaf or hard-of-hearing Although same-language subtitles and captions are produced primarily with the deaf and hard-of-hearing in mind, many hearing film and television viewers choose to use them. This is often done, because the presence of closed captioning and subtitles ensures that not one word of dialog will be missed. Films and television shows often have subtitles displayed in the same language, if the speaker has a speech disability and/or an accent. In addition, captions may further reveal information that would be difficult to pick up on otherwise. Some examples of this would be the song lyrics; dialog spoken quietly or by those with unfamiliar accents; or supportive, minor dialog from background characters. It is argued that such additional information and detail will enhance the overall experience and allow the viewer a better grasp on the material. Furthermore, people learning a foreign language may sometimes use same-language subtitles to better understand the dialog while not having to resort to a translation.

Use in Asia In some Asian television programming, captioning is considered a part of the genre, and has evolved beyond simply capturing what is being said. The captions are used artistically; it is common to see the words appear one by one as they are spoken, in a multitude of fonts, colors, and sizes that capture the spirit of what is being said. Languages like Japanese also have a rich vocabulary of Japanese sound symbolism which are used in captioning.

East Asia In some East Asian countries, such as China and Japan, captioning is common in some genres of television. In these languages, written text is less ambiguous than spoken text, so there is a distinct advantage to captioning. Furthermore, the various spoken dialects of Chinese are mutually incomprehensible, but are all written identically; captioning means someone who only understands Mandarin could watch a show filmed in Cantonese. Captioning is also common in taped interviews during news broadcasts, as accents in Asian languages can be difficult to understand.

South Asia In some South Asian countries, such as India and Pakistan, Same Language Subtitles (SLS) are common for films and music videos. In India, 84% of people early & non- literate.{{cite web]-style subtitles, "highlighted in perfect timing, as they are sung spoken. This association of the spoken and written word is a proven method to improve reading skills."{{cite web|url=http://www.planetread.org/research.html|title=:: PlanetRead ::|accessdate=2007-01-25|author=(founder)|authorlink=http://www.planetread.org/team.html Brij Kothari|coauthors=Stuart Gannes & Kenneth Keniston|date=2006-12-21|format=HTML|work=SLS (Same Language Subtitles)|publisher=PlanetRead|pages=1|quote= http://www.planetread.org/themes/main/images/paper_01_new-02.jpg-->

Creation of subtitles Today professional subtitlers usually work with specialized computer software and hardware where the video is digitally stored on a hard disk, making each individual frame instantly accessible. Besides creating the subtitles, the subtitler usually also tells the computer software the exact positions where each subtitle should appear and disappear. For cinema film, this task is traditionally done by separate technicians. The end result is a subtitle file containing the actual subtitles as well as position markers indicating where each subtitle should appear and disappear. These markers are usually based on SMPTE time code if it is a work for electronic media (e.g. TV, video, DVD), or on film length (measured in feet and frames) if the subtitles are to be used for traditional cinema film.

The finished subtitle file is used to add the subtitles to the picture, either directly into the picture (open subtitles); embedded in the vertical interval and later superimposed on the picture by the end user with the help of an external decoder or a decoder built into the TV (closed subtitles on TV or video); or converted to tiff or bmp graphics that are later superimposed on the picture by the end user (closed subtitles on DVD).

Subtitles can also be created by individuals using freely-available subtitle-creation software like Aegisub and then hardcode them onto a video file with programs such as VirtualDub in combination with VSFilter which could also be used to show subtitles as softsubs in many Video player (software). See also: Fansub

Types While distributing content, subtitles can appear in one of 3 types:



In other categorization, digital video subtitles are sometimes called internal, if they're embedded in a single video file container along with video and audio streams, and external if they are distributed as separate file (that is less convenient, but it is easier to edit/change such file).{| class="wikitable"|+Comparison table! Feature! Hard! Prerendered! Soft|-| Can be turned off/on| | | |-| Multiple subtitle variants (for example, languages)| | | |-| Editable| | Difficult, but possible| |-| Player requirements| None| Majority of players support DVD subtitles| Usually requires installation of special software, unless national regulators mandate its distribution|-| Visual appearance, colors, font quality| High, depends on video resolution/compression| Low| Low to high, depends on player and subtitle file format|-| Transitions, karaoke and other special effects| Highest| Low| Depends on player and subtitle file format, but generally poor|-| Distribution| Inside original video| Separate low-bitrate video stream, commonly multiplexed| Relatively small subtitle file or instructions stream, multiplexed or separate|-| Additional overhead| None, though subtitles added by re-encoding of the original video may degrade overall image quality, and the sharp edges of text may introduce compression artifacts in surrounding video| High| Low|}

Categories Subtitles in the same language on the same production can be in different categories:







Specific varieties Closed captions created, while senior graphic designer at Boston, Massachusetts Public broadcasting WGBH that invented captioning for television, is public domain so that anyone who captions TV programs can use it.

Closed captioning is the American term for closed subtitles specifically intended for people who are deaf and hard-of-hearing. These are a transcription rather than a translation, and usually contain descriptions of important non-dialog audio as well ("Car horn"). From the expression "closed captions" the word "caption" has in recent years come to mean a subtitle intended for the hard of hearing, be it "open" or "closed". In British English "subtitles" usually refers to subtitles for the hard-of-hearing (HoH), as translation subtitles are so rare on British cinema and TV; however, the term "HoH subtitles" is sometimes used when there is a need to make a distinction between the two.

SDH "SDH" is an American term introduced by the DVD industry. It is an acronym for "Subtitles for the deaf and hard-of-hearing", and refers to regular subtitles in the original language where important non-dialog audio has been added, as well as speaker identification, useful when the viewer cannot otherwise visually tell who is saying what.

The only significant difference for the user between "SDH" subtitles and "closed captions" is their appearance: SDH subtitles usually are displayed with the same proportional font used for the translation subtitles on the DVD; however, closed captions are displayed as white text on a black band, which blocks a large portion of the view. Closed captioning is falling out of favor as many users have no difficulty reading SDH subtitles, which are text with contrast outline. In addition, DVD subtitles can specify many colors, on the same character: primary, outline, shadow, and background. This allows subtitlers to display subtitles on a usually translucent band for easier reading, however, this is rare, since most subtitles use an outline and shadow instead, in order to block a smaller portion of the picture. Closed captions may still supersede DVD subtitles, since many SDH subtitles present all of the text centered, while closed captions usually specify position on the screen: centered, left align, right align, top, etc. This is very helpful for speaker identification and overlapping conversation. Some SDH subtitles do have positioning, but it is not as common.

DVDs for the US market now sometimes have three forms of English subtitles: SDH subtitles, English subtitles, helpful for viewers who are Hearing and whose first language may not be English (although they are usually an exact transcript and not edited into Basic English), and closed caption data that is decoded by the end-user’s closed caption decoder.

High definition disc media (HD DVD, Blu-ray disc) uses SDH subtitles as the sole method because technical specifications do not require HD to support line 21 closed captions. Some blu-ray discs, however, are said to carry a closed caption stream that only displays through standard definition connections. Many High-definition televisions allow the end–user to customize the captions, including the ability to remove the black band.

Live subtitles Same language Live captioning of news, sports events, and live debates is increasingly common, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States, as a result of regulations that stipulate that virtually all TV eventually must be accessible for people who are deaf and hard–of–hearing.

Specially trained court stenographers using stenotype or velotype keyboards usually produce live captions to display within 2-3 seconds of the representing audio, however, the most recent developments include operators using voice recognition software and revoicing the dialog. Voice recognition technology has advanced so quickly in the United Kingdom that about 50% of all live captioning is through voice recognition as of 2005.

In order to minimize the unavoidable delay, instead of popping on, live subtitles usually display scrolling.

Live captioning unavoidably contains more errors than timed subtitling, since there is very little time to correct typing errors or mishearings of either the operator or the computer, however, considering viewers who are deaf and hard–of–hearing, the benefits are more important than precise subtitles.

Translation Live translation subtitling, usually involving simultaneous interpreter listening to the dialog quickly translating, while a stenographer types, is rare. The unavoidable delay, typing errors, lack of editing, and high costs regard very little need for translation subtitling. Allowing the interpreter to directly speak to the viewers is usually both cheaper and quicker, however, the translation is not accessible to people who are deaf and hard–of–hearing.

Subtitles as a source of humor Occasionally, movies will use subtitles as a source of humor.



One unintentional source of humor in subtitles comes from illegal DVDs produced in non-English-speaking countries (esp. China). These DVDs often contain poorly-worded subtitle tracks, possibly produced by machine translation, with humorous results. One of the better-known examples is a copy of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith whose opening title was subtitled, "Star war: The backstroke of the west".

New technology & Research Esist is a non-profit organization which has members interested in research for subtitling.

Media Movers, Inc. has developed proprietary software which renders automated timing (spotting) for audio/video content. They are also in research for "automated translation" for multiple languages for any content.

TM Systems received Technology & Engineering Emmy Award in 2002 and 2007 for their dubbing and subtitling software. Television Academy announces recipients of the 2007 primetime Emmy Engineering Awards

Controversy One recent controversy about the necessity of subtitles involved the Mel Gibson movie The Passion of the Christ. All the dialog in this film was in Aramaic, Latin and Hebrew language instead of modern English language. Gibson initially intended not to include subtitles in the belief that the audience already knew the story, but the distributors ordered him to include them by arguing that audiences would refuse to watch a film whose dialog was entirely untranslated.

Another controversy arising out of bad subtitling was of Bollywood's Lagaan. There was a reference to the Hindu God Hanuman as Monkey in one of the foreign release prints in English. This resulted in widespread protests, leading distributors to change the subtitling and issue an apology.

Subtitle formats For software video players {| class="wikitable"|+Comparison table! Name! Extension! Type! Text Styling! Metadata! Timings! Timing Precision|-! AQTitle|-! [JACOSub| .sub| Text-based| | | Framings| Dependent on Frame|-! [MPEG-4 Part 17| .ttxt| XML| .sub| Text-based| | | Sequential Time| 10 Milliseconds|-! [Ogg Writ|-! [Phoenix Subtitle| .psb| Text-based| | | Elapsed Time| 1 Second|-! [Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language| .rt| HTML-based]| .smi| HTML-based| | | Framings| Dependent on Frame|-! Structured Subtitle Format| .srt| Text-based| | | Elapsed Time| 1 Millisecond|-! [SubStation Alpha#Advanced SubStation Alpha SubStation Alpha| .sub| Text-based| | | Elapsed Time| 10 Milliseconds|-! [Universal Subtitle Format| .sub + .idx| Image-based| N/A| N/A| Elapsed Time| 1 Millisecond|-! [VPlayer| N/A (embedded in [Divx#DivX Media Format (DMF) container)| Image-based| N/A| N/A| Elapsed Time| 1 Millisecond|}

There are still many more not very common formats. Most of them are Text-based and have the extension .txt.

For media

See also

References "A semiolinguistic study of subtitling for an Automatically Processed Concise Writing (©APCW-ECAO) with an audiovisual application.” Paris-X Nanterre University ; National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS/ENS). France, 2005. Doctoral Thesis summa cum laude to be downloaded (pdf) at http://www.paulmemmi.com/?article=2&lang=en

External links





BBC - About the BBC - Policy on subtitles on TV
Information about BBC policy on subtitles ... BBC subtitles provide a transcript of the TV soundtrack, helping deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers to follow programmes.

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